Health Services Research & Outcome

Research Pathway 

Fostering Sustainable Practices in Intensive Care

Free live webinars are available for members & non members on the ESICM Media Library.

ESICM consensus-based recommendations for the management of very old patients in intensive care.
Intensive Care Med 51, 287–301 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-025-07794-4 . Intensive Care Med (2025). Volume 51, pages 287–301, (2025). Published online on 17 February 2025.

Framing the AI ecosystem in intensive care. under development

VIP3 study

Family involvement in treatment decisions for old ICU patients.
Susannah Leaver – 2026

VIP4 study

Impact of chronic and acute cardiovascular diseases in old intensive care patients.
Christian Jung – planned for 2026

CORFU survey

Current practices of post-ICU follow-up and PICS screening.
Anne-Francoise Rousseau – closed in December 2025

• Five-year mortality and functional trajectories in older survivors of intensive care compared to the general population. Jung C, Marschall U, Hennig B, Giemsa M, Heramvand N, Parco C, Kelm M, Jacobs JM, Beil M. Intensive Care Med. 2025 Dec;51(12):2329-2340.
• Rationale and methodological approach underlying the development of the sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA)-2 score. Moreno R, Rhodes A, Ranzani O, Salluh JIF, Berger-Estilita J, Coopersmith CM, Juffermans NP, Laffey J, Reinikainen M, Neto AS, Tavares M, Timsit JF, Arias Lopez MDP, Arulkumaran N, Azoulay E, Chaudhuri D, De Lange D, De Waele J, Dos Santos CC, Du B, Einav S, Ferrer R, Fujii T, Gershengorn HB, Haniffa R, Hasan MS, Hollenberg S, Ippolito M, Jung C, Kirov M, Lakbar I, Lipman J, Liu V, Lobo SM, Martin GS, Metnitz P, Myatra SN, Oczkowski S, Paiva JA, Paruk F, Pekkarinen PT, Pilcher D, Piquilloud L, Pölkki A, Prescott HC, Blaser AR, Rezende E, Robba C, Rochwerg B, Schenck EJ, Sendagire C, Siaw-Frimpong M, Simpkin AJ, Soares M, Summers C, Szczeklik W, Takala J, Vincent JL, Wendon J, Zampieri FG, Shankar-Hari M, Singer M. JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Oct 1;8(10):e2545040.
• Return on investment of rapid ICU workforce upskilling: an economic and cost-effectiveness analysis. Ebm C, Istrate M, Van Gelder F, Szőllősi GJ, Alexandre J, Azoulay E, Kesecioglu J, Cecconi M. Intensive Care Med. 2025 Aug;51(8):1453-1461.
• Intensive care unit caseload and workload and their association with outcomes in critically unwell patients. Zajic P, Engelbrecht T, Graf A, Metnitz B, Moreno R, Posch M, Rhodes A, Metnitz P. Crit Care. 2024 Sep 14;28(1):304.
• Clustering of critically ill patients using an individualized learning approach enables dose optimization of mobilization in the ICU. Fuest KE, Ulm B, Daum N, Lindholz M, Lorenz M, Blobner K, Langer N, Hodgson C, Herridge M, Blobner M, Schaller SJ. Crit Care. 2023;27(1):1.
• Clustering analysis of geriatric and acute characteristics in a cohort of very old patients on admission to ICU. Mousai O, Tafoureau L, Yovell T, Flaatten H, Guidet B, Jung C, de Lange D, Leaver S, Szczeklik W, Fjolner J, van Heerden PV, Joskowicz L, Beil M, Hyams G, Sviri S. Intensive Care Med. 2022 Dec;48(12):1726-1735.
• COVID-19 machine learning model predicts outcomes in older patients from various European countries, between pandemic waves, and in a cohort of Asian, African, and American patients. Mamandipoor B, Bruno RR, Wernly B, Wolff G, Fjølner J, Artigas A, Pinto BB, Schefold JC, Kelm M, Beil M, Sigal S, Leaver S, De Lange DW, Guidet B, Flaatten H, Szczeklik W, Jung C, Osmani V. PLOS Digit Health. 2022 Nov 8;1(11):e0000136.
• Noninvasive ventilation in COVID-19 patients aged ≥ 70 years-a prospective multicentre cohort study. Polok K, Fronczek J, Artigas A, Flaatten H, Guidet B, De Lange DW, Fjølner J, Leaver S, Beil M, Sviri S, Bruno RR, Wernly B, Bollen Pinto B, Schefold JC, Studzińska D, Joannidis M, Oeyen S, Marsh B, Andersen FH, Moreno R, Cecconi M, Jung C, Szczeklik W; COVIP Study Group. Crit Care. 2022 Jul 22;26(1):224.
• Increased 30-day mortality in very old ICU patients with COVID-19 compared to patients with respiratory failure without COVID-19. Guidet B, Jung C, Flaatten H, Fjølner J, Artigas A, Pinto BB, Schefold JC, Beil M, Sigal S, van Heerden PV, Szczeklik W, Joannidis M, Oeyen S, Kondili E, Marsh B, Andersen FH, Moreno R, Cecconi M, Leaver S, De Lange DW, Boumendil A; VIP2 and COVIP study groups. Intensive Care Med. 2022 Apr;48(4):435-447.
• Health-related quality of life in older patients surviving ICU treatment for COVID-19: results from an international observational study of patients older than 70 years. Soliman IW, Leaver S, Flaatten H, Fjølner J, Wernly B, Bruno RR, Artigas A, Bollen Pinto B, Schefold JC, Beil M, Sviri S, van Heerden PV, Szczeklik W, Elhadi M, Joannidis M, Oeyen S, Zafeiridis T, Wollborn J, Banzo MJA, Fuest K, Marsh B, Andersen FH, Moreno R, Boumendil A, Guidet B, Jung C, De Lange DW; COVIP-study group. Age Ageing. 2022 Feb 2;51(2):afab278.
• The impact of frailty on survival in elderly intensive care patients with COVID-19: the COVIP study. Jung C, Flaatten H, Fjølner J, Bruno RR, Wernly B, Artigas A, Bollen Pinto B, Schefold JC, Wolff G, Kelm M, Beil M, Sviri S, van Heerden PV, Szczeklik W, Czuczwar M, Elhadi M, Joannidis M, Oeyen S, Zafeiridis T, Marsh B, Andersen FH, Moreno R, Cecconi M, Leaver S, Boumendil A, De Lange DW, Guidet B; COVIP study group. Crit Care. 2021 Apr 19;25(1):149.
• The contribution of frailty, cognition, activity of daily life and comorbidities on outcome in acutely admitted patients over 80 years in European ICUs: the VIP2 study. Guidet B, de Lange DW, Boumendil A, Leaver S, Watson X, Boulanger C, Szczeklik W, Artigas A, Morandi A, Andersen F, Zafeiridis T, Jung C, Moreno R, Walther S, Oeyen S, Schefold JC, Cecconi M, Marsh B, Joannidis M, Nalapko Y, Elhadi M, Fjølner J, Flaatten H; VIP2 study group. Intensive Care Med. 2020 Jan;46(1):57-69.

The old critical care patient’s journey – Collection of review articles – 2023-2024

The very old critical ill patient – Book (ed. Flaatten, Guidet and Vallet) – 2022

The trajectory of very old critically ill patients. Guidet et al. – 2024

Mortality of Older Patients Admitted to an ICU: A Systematic Review. Vallet et al. – 2021

The management of multi-morbidity in elderly patients. Beil et al. – 2021

Pandemic priority decisions and triage. Flaatten et al. – 2020