Getting the most out of arterial blood pressure monitoring (M Pinsky)

Arterial pressure waveform – Systolic, mean, diastolic and pulse pressure

Systolic AP (which changes depending on where you measure it)

• LV SV
• Ejection velocity (contractility)
• Arterial elastance

Sepsis reverses the normal pulse pressure amplification down the arterial tree – therefore you would be underestimating the pressure in the aorta.

Diastolic pressure – determines coronary blood flow

• vascular tone
• arterial resistance
• heart rate

Large arteries are capacitor

Faster heart rate means that the diastolic pressure hasn’t had time to stabilise – it may actually be much lower (vasodilatation). Increased HR is the main physiological response to vasodilation to maintain diastolic pressure.

Perfusion pressure = input – output pressure

Personalizing blood pressure management in septic shock

Pulse pressure influenced by

• SV
• Central arterial elastance
• vascular stiffness, blood viscosity

The relationship between stroke volume and arterial pressure is determined by the elastance

Dynamic arterial elastance to predict arterial pressure response to volume loading in preload-dependent patients

Cardiac output monitoring: invasive or non-invasive? (T Scheeren)

Invasive monitors

• Thermodilution (pulmonary thermodilution is considered the gold standard)
• Pseudo randomised thermo signal (Vigilance)

Mini invasive

• pulse contour analysis e.g. Flotrac, Vigileo
  • percentage error from 13 to 75%
• Noninvasive Cardiac Output Monitors: A State-of the-Art Review
• Minimally invasive cardiac output technologies in the ICU: putting it all together.
• Doppler techniques

Non-invasive

• Pulse contour analysis (without arterial line) e.g. Nexfin
• The accuracy of noninvasive cardiac output and pressure measurements with finger cuff: a concise review.
• CO2 rebreathing method
  • Partial CO2 rebreathing indirect Fick technique for non-invasive measurement of cardiac output.
• Bioimpedence and bioreactance
• Pulse wave transit time
  • Pulse Wave Transit Time Measurements of Cardiac Output in Septic Shock Patients: A Comparison of the Estimated Continuous Cardiac Output System with Transthoracic Echocardiography

The Use of Pulmonary Artery Catheter in Sepsis Patients: A Literature Review

National Trends in Use and Outcomes of Pulmonary Artery Catheters Among Medicare Beneficiaries, 1999-2013

Consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring. Task force of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine

Perioperative cardiovascular monitoring of high-risk patients: a consensus of 12

Is CVP useful? PRO (S Magder)

Right Atrial Pressure in the Critically Ill: How to Measure, What Is the Value, What Are the Limitations?

CVP still the most used variable to guide fluid management in FENICE! 

CVP does not

• indicate magnitude of blood volume
• does not predict response to fluid

CVP normally low, elevated CVP needs explanation. CVP single value is not helpful.

The clinical role of central venous pressure measurements.

Systematic review including re-analyses of 1148 individual data sets of central venous pressure as a predictor of fluid responsiveness.

Where is your reference/zero point???

What point of the wave are you recording your value?

CVP is best used with some measure of flow. Fall in CO with fall in CVC = return function (volume) problem. Fall in CO but rise in CVC = primarily pump problem

Most useful in response to therapy.

Fluids after cardiac surgery: a pilot study of the use of colloids versus crystalloids.

Is CVP useful? CON (P Marik)

CVP is useless (mostly) and harmful (almost always)

Iatrogenic salt water drowning and the hazards of a high central venous pressure

Does central venous pressure predict fluid responsiveness? A systematic review of the literature and the tale of seven mares.

CVP > 8 predicts AKI – Association between systemic hemodynamics and septic acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: a retrospective observational study

Impact of Initial Central Venous Pressure on Outcomes of Conservative versus Liberal Fluid Management in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Central venous pressure is a stopping rule, not a target of fluid resuscitation.

Regulation of cardiac output (S Magder)

1. Cardiac function

2. Return function?

1. Cardiac Function
2. Limit of return function
3. Only stressed volume determines venous return
4. 1. Only about 1L
   2. Unlikely that a volume infusion >1L will increase stressed volume
5. So….change in capacitance e.g. with vasopressor
6. Can change by 10-15ml/kg – 700ml of stressed volume back again
7. Increase capillary leak – increasing volume increased leak

1. BP
2. Estimated/measured CO (clinically or with device)

1. Heart not working
2. Return not working

Volume and its relationship to cardiac output and venous return

Fluids after cardiac surgery: a pilot study of the use of colloids versus crystalloids.

Stressed vs. unstressed volume and its relevance to critical care practitioners

Vascular hyporesponsiveness (D Payen)

The unknown physiology when pt becomes critically unwell means that deciding on treatment is challenging

Blood pressure is not the same as cardiac output or flow

The Pressure Recording Analytical Method (PRAM): Technical Concepts and Literature Review

Vascular structure comprises of vascular smooth muscle and endothelium

Vascular Adaptation to Exercise in Humans: Role of Hemodynamic Stimuli

Interactions between fluids and vasoactive therapy (M Cecconi)

Occult hypoperfusion and mortality in patients with suspected infection

Unstressed volume does not generate a pressure.

Association Between US Norepinephrine Shortage and Mortality Among Patients With Septic Shock

Addition of vasopressors can increase cardiac output by altering the stress:unstressed volume relationship

Fluid administration in severe sepsis and septic shock, patterns and outcomes: an analysis of a large national database

Pharmacodynamic Analysis of a Fluid Challenge.

Association of arterial blood pressure and vasopressor load with septic shock mortality: a post hoc analysis of a multicenter trial

Dynamic arterial elastance predicts mean arterial pressure decrease associated with decreasing norepinephrine dosage in septic shock

Can one size fit all? The fine line between fluid overload and hypovolemia

Cardiac dysfunction and functional haemodynamics (M Pinsky)

Functional hemodynamic monitoring

Functional hemodynamic qns

• Is my patient in compensated shock?
• Will CO increase with fluids?
• Is arterial tone increased, normal or decreased?
• Is the heart able to maintain adequate output under pressure?

52% of pts who present in circulatory shock will not be fluid responders!

Comparison of Echocardiographic Indices Used to Predict Fluid Responsiveness in Ventilated Patients

Limitations of PPV or SSV to predict responsiveness

• Arrhythmias
• Constant TV
• High RR
• Spont ventilatory efforts

Microcirculation derangements (C Ince)

1. Cardiogenic
2. Hypovolaemic
3. Obstructive
4. Distributive ——> vascular distribution

1. Cardiogenic
2. Hypovolaemic
3. Obstructive/reperfusion
4. Distributive ——> vascular distribution
5. Anaemic/hamodilutional

1. RBC
2. Endothelium/glycocalyx
3. Auto regulatory control
4. O2 handling in mitochondria

1. Heterogeneity e.g. sepsis
2. Haemodilution
3. Constriction
4. Edema

The endothelium in sepsis

Hemodynamic coherence and the rationale for monitoring the microcirculation

A few of our favorite unconfirmed ideas